3D Printing 3D打印工艺分析

3D打印的技术最早出现在20世纪90年代中期，它是用光固化原理和纸层叠等技术的快速成型方案。与普通打印工作原理基本相同，打印机内装有液体或粉末等“打印材料”，与电脑连接后，通过电脑控制把“打印材料”一层层叠加起来，把计算机上的蓝图变成实物。这打印技术称为3D立体打印技术。

经过近三十年的不断发展，3D打印技术日臻完善，3D打印的产品和服务销售额也不断上升。今天就给大家介绍一下，目前市场上主流的3D打印技术都有哪些。

3D printing technology first appeared in the mid-1990s. It is a rapid prototyping solution using light curing principles and paper lamination technologies. The working principle is basically the same as that of ordinary printing. The printer contains liquid or powder and other "printing materials". After connecting to the computer, the "printing materials" are superimposed layer by layer through computer control, turning the blueprint on the computer into a real object. This printing technology is called 3D stereo printing technology.

After nearly 30 years of continuous development, 3D printing technology has been improving day by day, and the sales of 3D printing products and services have also been rising. Today I will introduce to you what are the mainstream 3D printing technologies currently on the market.

1、FDM熔融沉积成型3D打印技术 FDM fused deposition molding 3D printing technology

熔融沉积成型（FDM）是一种增材制造技术，是软件数学分层的定位模型构建，通过加热层挤出热塑性纤维。适用于几乎任何形状和尺寸的复杂几何建筑耐用部件，FDM是唯一的3D打印过程中使用的材料如ABS、聚碳酸酯和pc-iso，ULTEM 9085。这意味着FDM可以创建卓越的热稳定性和耐化学性，并有良好的强度重量比。如果需要，可以生成支撑结构。该机技术可以将多种材料来实现不同的目标：例如，可以使用一种材料来建立模型，使用另一种可溶性的支撑结构，也可以使用相同的模型在相同类型的热塑性多颜色。

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a kind of additive manufacturing technology. It is a software mathematically layered positioning model construction that extrudes thermoplastic fibers through a heating layer. Suitable for almost any shape and size of complex geometric construction durable parts, FDM is the only material used in the 3D printing process such as ABS, polycarbonate and pc-iso, ULTEM 9085. This means that FDM can create excellent thermal stability and chemical resistance, and has a good strength-to-weight ratio. If necessary, support structures can be generated. The machine technology can use multiple materials to achieve different goals: for example, one material can be used to build a model, another soluble support structure can be used, or the same model can be used in the same type of thermoplastic multi-color.

通常我们看到的小型桌面级3D打印机，也是FDM的技术原理，只不过是另一个叫法，融长丝制造fused filament fabrication (FFF)。FDM提供范围广泛的耐用热塑性塑料具有独特的特性使其成为理想的许多行业。

FDM-熔融沉积成型

2、SLA光固化快速成型3D打印技术   SLA light curing rapid prototyping 3D printing technology

SLA光固化快速成型是一种增材制造过程中，通过紫外线（UV）激光在一大桶光致聚合物树脂。借助计算机辅助制造、计算机辅助设计软件（CAD/CAM），紫外激光用于绘制一个预编程的设计或形状上的光致还原表面。因为光聚合物感光在紫外线的照射下，树脂固化后形成一层所需的3D对象。这个过程是每一层的设计重复直到3D对象是完整的。

SLA light curing rapid prototyping is an additive manufacturing process that uses ultraviolet (UV) lasers in a vat of photopolymer resin. With the help of computer-aided manufacturing and computer-aided design software (CAD/CAM), ultraviolet lasers are used to draw a photoreductive surface on a pre-programmed design or shape. Because the photopolymer is exposed to ultraviolet light, the resin is cured to form a layer of the desired 3D object. This process is repeated for each layer of the design until the 3D object is complete.

SLA可以说是现在最流行的打印方式，SLA工艺打印光敏树脂应用很广。光敏树脂性价比更高，现在云工厂的客户大部分也是选这种材料打印的。SLA光敏树脂可以用来打印手板验证功能和外观，也可以打印动漫手办，上色之后直接可以拿来收藏。

SLA can be said to be the most popular printing method, and SLA process printing photosensitive resin is widely used. The photosensitive resin is more cost-effective, and most of the customers of the cloud factory now choose this material to print. SLA photosensitive resin can be used to print prototypes to verify the function and appearance, or to print animation figures, which can be collected directly after coloring.

                                           SLA光固化

3、SLS选择性激光烧结3D打印技术 SLS selective laser sintering 3D printing technology

SLS选择性激光烧结SLS快速成型技术，创造坚韧和几何形状复杂的部件。采用高功率CO2激光熔化或烧结粉末热塑性塑料增材制造层技术，SLS涉及高功率的使用激光例如，一个二氧化碳激光器）融合的小颗粒塑料或金属粉成一团，有一个理想的三维形状。激光选择性地将粉末材料通过扫描截面的三维数字描述的部分产生的（例如从计算机辅助设计文件或扫描数据）在粉床表面。在每个横截面扫描，粉末床是由一层厚度降低，一层新材料的应用上，并重复该过程，直到部分完成。

SLS selective laser sintering SLS rapid prototyping technology to create tough and geometrically complex parts. Using a high-power CO2 laser to melt or sinter powdered thermoplastic additive manufacturing layer technology, SLS involves the use of high-power lasers (for example, a carbon dioxide laser) to fuse small particles of plastic or metal powder into a mass to have an ideal three-dimensional shape. The laser selectively generates the powder material through the part of the three-dimensional digital description of the scanned cross-section (for example, from a computer-aided design file or scanned data) on the surface of the powder bed. In each cross-sectional scan, the powder bed is reduced by a layer of thickness, a layer of new material is applied, and the process is repeated until the part is completed.

SLS的一个关键优势是，作为一个部分，它是包裹在粉。这消除了需要支持结构和允许复杂的几何形状。SLS生产零件强度好，水和气密性，耐热，还可以添加特殊的材料如铝填充和玻纤填充尼龙PA12系列。

A key advantage of SLS is that, as a part, it is wrapped in powder. This eliminates the need for supporting structures and allows for complex geometries. SLS produces parts with good strength, water and air tightness, and heat resistance. Special materials such as aluminum filled and glass fiber filled nylon PA12 series can also be added.

              SLS选择性激光烧结